走近南美洲（秘魯）系列文章DOING BUSINESS PERú秘魯營商環境（八）
2024-07-24Contributor供稿：秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所
Chinese Translation中文翻譯：錦天城 王良 律師
China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.
中國是秘魯的主要貿易伙伴，是秘魯第一大出口目的地國，也是秘魯主要進口來源國。秘魯是中國在拉美的第二大投資目的地。兩國之間既建立全面戰略伙伴關系，又簽署了自由貿易協定。未來五到十年，秘魯將成為中國企業出海的另一片熱土，中國會有更多企業走向秘魯，并通過秘魯走向更廣闊的南美洲市場。錦天城積極開拓南美洲法律服務市場，向出海南美洲的中國企業提供可靠的東道國法律服務資源和做好國別法律研究等工作，為服務中國高水平對外開放和“一帶一路“戰略提供法律保障。為此，錦天城聯合秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所，推出《秘魯營商環境》系類文章，介紹秘魯走向世界、秘魯公司架構、秘魯外國投資促進和法律穩定性、企業運營法律環境、停業和企業重整等內容。
Consumer Protection and Product Liability 消費者保護和產品責任
The Consumer Protection and Defense Code (Act No. 29571) guarantees consumer access to suitable products and services, and to effective mechanisms to protect their rights, and establishes several criteria to reduce information asymmetry to benefit consumers. Thus, it establishes supplier obligations and consumer rights, and includes rules regarding the information that must be provided to consumers, suitability of products and services, advertising requirements, consumer health and safety, contracts with consumers, and provisions regarding specific products or services.
《消費者保護法》（第29571號法令）通過建立有效的機制保證消費者可以獲得適當的產品和服務，明確對消費者權利的保護，并建立了有利于消費者的規則來減少信息的不對稱。該法還明確了供應商的義務和消費者權利，包括必須向消費者提供的信息、產品和服務的適宜性、廣告要求、消費者健康和安全、與消費者簽訂合同以及關于特定產品或服務規定等的規則。
1. GENERAL RULES 總則
In Peru, Law No. 29571 - the Consumer Protection and Defense Code- establishes the rules for the protection and defense of consumer rights. It also regulates contracts with consumers and prohibits the use of coercive commercial methods, aggressive or misleading commercial methods and abusive collection methods.
在秘魯，《消費者保護法》（第29571號法令）建立了保護與維護消費者權利的規則。還規范了與消費者簽訂合同的行為，并禁止使用脅迫商業手段、侵犯性的或誤導性的商業手段以及濫用收集手段。
The Consumer Protection Commission of INDECOPI is the competent national administrative authority responsible for verifying compliance with consumer protection regulations. Its decisions may be appealed before the Specialized Consumer Protection Chamber of the INDECOPI Court.
INDECOPI消費者保護委員會是監管消費者保護法規遵守情況的國家行政主管機關。針對該委員會的決定，可以向INDECOPI法院專門消費者保護法庭提起上訴。
Likewise, depending on the amount or matter in dispute, the Summary Proceedings Resolution Bodies are competent to rule on consumer protection matters in the first administrative instance. In these cases, the Consumer Protection Commission will review the decisions in second administrative instance.
如果根據爭議金額或問題性質采用簡易程序解決機制，可以在行政案件一審程序中對消費者保護問題作出裁決。消費者保護委員會將在行政案件二審程序中對案件的裁決進行審查。
The Consumer Protection and Defense Code protects consumers in a “consumer relationship” or in a preliminary stage thereof. It applies to: (i) any “consumption relationship” originating in Peruvian territory or producing effects in such territory (even if originating elsewhere); and, (ii) transactions not involving the payment of a consideration but having a commercial purpose aimed at promoting consumption.
《消費者保護法》對屬于“消費關系”或初步建立“消費關系”的消費者提供保護。它適用于：（i）任何產生于秘魯境內或在境內產生影響（即使其產生于其他地方）的“消費關系”；和（ii）不涉及支付對價，但具有促進消費商業目的的交易。
For the purposes of the Code, consumers are understood as: (i) natural or legal persons who acquire, use or enjoy as final recipients of products or services for their own benefit or that of their family group, acting outside a business or professional activity; and (ii) suppliers are understood as natural or legal persons who habitually manufacture, process, handle, condition, mix, package, store, prepare, dispense or supply products or provide services of any nature to consumers.
該法的消費者是指：（i）在商業或職業活動之外，為自身或家庭利益而最終獲得、使用或受用產品或服務的個體或法人；和（ii）供應商是指：為消費者制造、加工、處理、調節、混合、包裝、儲存、準備、分發或提供產品或服務為業的個體或法人。
2. MAIN OBLIGATIONS主要義務
The Consumer Protection and Defense Code imposes two main obligations on sellers/service providers: i) information and ii) suitability, in relation to the goods or services provided.
《消費者保護法》對銷售者/服務提供者規定了兩項主要義務：與所提供的商品或服務相關的信息以及適宜性。
i) Information: the supplier is obliged to provide the consumer with all relevant or material information so that the consumer may make a correct choice and use or consume the goods or services in an appropriate manner.
信息：供應商有義務向消費者提供所有相關的或重要的信息，以便讓消費者做出正確的選擇，并以適當的方式使用或消費商品或服務。
The information provided by the supplier must be truthful, sufficient, easy to understand, appropriate, timely, easily accessible and in Spanish language.
供應商提供的信息必須真實、充分、易懂、適當、及時、容易獲得，并采用西班牙語言。
Relevant or material information means any information without which the consumption decision would not have been made or would have been made in substantially different terms. This information includes, for example, the following:
相關或重要的信息是指任何信息，如無該信息則消費者不會做出消費決策或做出實質上不同的消費決策。該信息包括的內容舉例如下：
a) False or misleading information: by action or omission, information that may mislead an average consumer into making a transaction decision that he or she would not have made otherwise.
虛假或誤導信息：因故意或過失誤導一般消費者做出其本不會作出的交易決策信息。
(b) Total price information: the price offered (or advertised) must include taxes, commissions, fees and any other applicable charges. It must be the total final price.
總價信息：報價（或廣告）的價格必須包含稅款、傭金、費用及其他相關收費。必須是最終價格。
c) Prices in local currency: prices displayed or advertised in a foreign currency (e.g. US dollars) will also be displayed or advertised in local currency, under the same conditions and with the same characters as those used with the foreign currency, and the exchange rate must be indicated.
當地貨幣價格：以外幣（如美元）顯示或刊登的價格，應同時用當地貨幣顯示或刊登，條件和文字應與該外幣相同，并應標明匯率。
d) Payment methods: if there is any difference in price depending on the payment method, this information must be informed to the consumer in a visible and accessible way. Otherwise, the consumer will not be obliged to make any additional payment due to a difference in payment methods.
付款方式：如果根據付款方式的不同價格存在差異，該信息必須以醒目易懂的方式告知消費者。否則，消費者沒有義務因支付方式的不同而支付額外費用。
The extent of relevant or material information to be provided to the consumer will depend on the nature of the goods or services offered. The Consumer Protection and Defense Code contains various provisions establishing the information to be provided to the consumer for certain types of goods and services.
向消費者提供相關信息或重要信息的范圍取決于所提供的商品或服務的性質。《消費者保護法》有多項規定涉及就某些類型的商品和服務應該向消費者提供何種信息。
ii) Suitability: the “service supplier” has the obligation to provide the consumer with appropriate goods or services. Suitability is assessed by taking into account what the consumer expected when buying the goods or contracting the service (depending, for example, on what the seller or service provider offered, the natural and customary characteristics of the goods or services, the price) and what he or she actually got. Suitability is assessed according to the nature of the goods or services and their ability to satisfy the purpose for which they are sold.
適宜性：“服務提供者”有義務向消費者提供適當的商品或服務。適當性評估是通過考慮消費者在購買商品或簽訂服務合同時的期望（例如，取決于賣方或服務提供者所提供的內容、商品或服務的本質和通常特性、價格因素）以及消費者實際獲得的情況來確定。適當性評估依據的是商品或服務性質及其滿足銷售目的的能力。
The supplier is responsible for the suitability and quality of the goods and services offered, as well as for the authenticity of the marks and labels contained on the goods or services, and for any contradictory statements between the advertising and the product.
供應商對其提供的商品和服務的適當性和質量負責，對商品或服務上的標志和標簽的真實性負責，并對廣告與產品之間的任何不一致的宣稱負責。
The Consumer Protection and Defense Code prohibits consumer discrimination. The supplier may not discriminate against consumers because of race, sex, language, creed, opinion, economic status, or any other reason. Individual exclusion from a business establishment is prohibited, except in the case of disturbance of the security of the establishment or the serenity of the customer or any other similar reason.
《消費者保護法》禁止歧視消費者。供應商不得因種族、性別、語言、信仰、觀點、經濟狀況或任何其他原因歧視消費者。禁止將個人排除在營業場所之外，除非是基于擾亂營業場所安全或消費者安寧或其他類似原因。
Different treatment of consumers must be due to objective and reasonable grounds. Preferential care in a business establishment should be subject to different factual situations that justify different treatment and there should be a proportion between the purpose and the different treatment granted.
對消費者的差別待遇必須要有客觀和合理的理由。營業場所的優惠待遇應視不同的事實情形而定，以證明應給予不同的待遇，并且在目的和所給予不同待遇之間符合比例原則。
3. GUARANTEES 擔保
The Consumer Protection and Defense Code establishes that there are three types of guarantees: legal, explicit and implicit.
《消費者保護法》規定有三種類型的擔保：法定、明示和默示。
a) Legal guarantee: imposed by law and applicable to certain goods and/or services that cannot be marketed or provided without such guarantee. In this sense, it is not possible to exclude such guarantee by agreement between the parties and it prevails over an explicit guarantee. (Legal guaranties are not imposed on optical products).
法定擔保：由法律規定并適用于某些商品和/或服務，沒有這種擔保就不能在市場上銷售或提供。當事人之間不能通過協議排除這種擔保，并且它優于明示擔保。（光學產品沒有規定法定擔保）。
b) Explicit guarantee: arises from the terms and conditions expressly offered by the “seller or service provider” to the consumer in a contract, label, advertising, invoice or any other means that may evidence what has been offered to the consumer. An explicit guarantee prevails over an implied guarantee.
明示擔保：產生于“賣方或服務提供者”在合同、標簽、廣告、發票或任何其他可以證明提供給消費者內容的方式中，向消費者明示提供的條款和條件。明示擔保優于默示擔保。
c) Implied guarantee: exists when, in accordance with the silence of the “seller or supplier of services” or the agreements between the parties, the goods and/or services are understood to meet the foreseeable (expected) purposes and uses for which they have been acquired by the consumer taking into account, inter alia, the uses and customs of the market. In case there are no legal guarantees, an explicit or implicit guarantee will be applied.
默示擔保：存在于“賣方或服務提供者”的沉默或當事人之間的協議，考慮到市場的使用和習慣等因素，認為商品和/或服務滿足了消費者購買商品和/或服務的可預見（預期）的目的和用途。如果沒有法定擔保，將適用明示或默示擔保。
The indication of exclusions or limitations to the guarantee cannot be unjustified or go against the nature of the good or service.
對擔保的排除或限制事項不能沒有理由或違背商品或服務的性質。
4. BOOK OF COMPLAINTS 投訴記錄
Through Law No. 31435, published on March 22, 2022, the Consumer Protection and Defense Code was amended reducing the deadlines for addressing consumer claims and complaints. Thus, currently, the supplier must address any claim or complaint from the consumer and must respond to it within fifteen (15) calendar days, which cannot be extended.
2022年3月22日公布的第31435號法律修訂了《消費者權益保護法》，縮短了處理消費者索賠和投訴的期限。供應商必須處理消費者的索賠或投訴，并且要在十五（15）個日歷日內（不能延期）做出回復。
The attention of the claims cannot be subject to any payment made by the consumer (nor to the effective purchase of the good or service object of the claim).
索賠不取決于消費者是否付款（也不取決于是否有效地購買了索賠涉及的商品或服務）。
All suppliers that carry out economic activities in establishments open to the public are required to have a Complaints Book.
所有在公眾商業場所開展經濟活動的供應商都需要建立投訴記錄。
The complaints book is a document of a physical or virtual nature provided by suppliers in which consumers register their claims or complaints about the products or services offered in a particular commercial establishment.
投訴記錄是由供應商提供的物理或虛擬文件，消費者在投訴記錄中登記其對特定商業場所中提供的產品或服務的索賠或投訴。
A claim is filed when the consumer expresses a disagreement related to the goods or services provided. On the other hand, a complaint is filed when the consumer expresses a disagreement that is not related to the goods sold or supplied or the services provided.
消費者的不滿意是與所提供的商品或服務相關時，可以提出索賠。另一方面，當消費者的不滿意與所銷售或提供的商品或服務不相關的，可以提出投訴。
Each of the commercial establishments (physical or virtual) open to the public must have a Book, which must be in a visible place on the premises and easily accessible to the public and with a Notice indicating its existence. The Book must follow the format approved by Indecopi, which is included as ANNEX 2 of Supreme Decree No. 011-2011-PCM.
向公眾開放的商業場所（無論是實體的還是虛擬的）都必須設置投訴記錄，該投訴記錄必須放置在場所的醒目位置，便于公眾查閱，并附有一份設置通知。投訴簿必須采用 Indecopi批準的格式，該格式作為附件2規定在最高法令第011-2011- PCM號文件中。
5. SANCTIONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE 對不遵守規定的制裁
According to the Consumer Protection and Defense Code, failure to comply with its provisions could be sanctioned with the following:
根據《消費者權益保護法》，不遵守規定將受到以下制裁：
i) Pecuniary sanctions: from a warning (without a monetary fine) to a fine of up to 450 UIT (US$520,000.00 approximately) depending on the infraction.
經濟制裁：根據違規情況，從警告（非罰款）到最高達450 UIT（約520,000.00美元）的罰款。
ii) Precautionary measures: these measures may be ordered at any stage of the proceedings. These are, for example, the cessation of the infringing action, the closure of an establishment, the prohibition of a website, the immobilization of assets, etc.
預防措施：法院可以在審理的任何階段命令采取停止侵權行為，停止營業，關閉網站，凍結資產等措施。
(iii) Corrective remedial measures: these measures are intended to compensate for any monetary damages.
糾正措施：為了補償經濟損失的措施。
iv) Paid or a measure is not complied with, additional sanctions may be ordered.
如果一項措施未得到執行或未得到遵守，法院將發布命令實施額外制裁。
I. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND ADVERTISING 不正當競爭和廣告
Legislative Decree No. 1044, Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition, regulates acts of unfair competition, which include acts that are configured through advertising.
《制止不正當競爭法》第1044號法令對不正當競爭行為進行規制，其中包括通過廣告進行不正當競爭的行為。
The referred rule applies to those acts whose effects or purpose, directly or indirectly, is to compete in the market. It also applies to any act of unfair competition that produces or may produce effects in all or part of the national territory, even if such act has originated abroad.
上述規則適用于效果或目的是為了直接或間接地在市場上進行競爭的行為。該法還適用于在全部或部分國家領土內產生或可能產生影響的任何不正當競爭行為，即使該行為起源于國外。
The Commission for the Control of Unfair Competition of INDECOPI is the national administrative entity responsible for the verification of compliance with the rules governing acts of unfair competition and advertising activity. Its decisions may be appealed before the Antitrust Chamber, which resolves in the second and final administrative instance.
INDECOPI反不正當競爭委員會是國家的行政實體，負責檢查關于不正當競爭行為和廣告活動的規則遵守情況。委員會的決定可以向反壟斷委員會提起上訴，反壟斷委員會將在行政二審中作出最終裁決。
The Law for Repression of Unfair Competition is applicable to any person, natural or juridical, that competes in the market offering or demanding goods or services.
《制止不正當競爭法》適用于任何在供應和需求商品或服務市場中進行競爭的個體或法人。
It should be noted that advertising does not require prior authorization or supervision by the authority for its dissemination. The supervision of compliance with the rules regulating advertising will be carried out once the advertisement has been disseminated in the market.
值得注意的是，廣告的發布不需要事先授權或由主管部門監督。對于在市場上發布的廣告，其廣告遵守的情況會被監督。
The evaluation by the authority of an advertisement is made in a comprehensive manner, that is to say, on the whole content of the advertisement, including words, images, sounds, among others, considering that the addressee of the advertisement makes a comprehensive and superficial analysis of the advertisement. In the case of an advertising campaign, all the pieces that compose it will be analyzed as a whole.
考慮到廣告的受眾會對廣告進行全面而表層的分析，權威機構對廣告的評價應當全面，也就是說，要對廣告的全部內容（包括文字、圖像、聲音等）進行評價。在廣告宣傳的時候，所有廣告的組成部分將被作為一個整體進行分析。
The responsibility for proving the truthfulness and accuracy of the objective statements disseminated in the market with respect to certain goods or services lies with the person who has disseminated such statements in its capacity as advertiser.
發布廣告的廣告主有責任證明在市場上發布的商品或服務的陳述，是客觀、真實和準確的。
The Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition includes an enunciative (not exhaustive) list of acts that are considered as acts of unfair competition.
《制止不正當競爭法》列舉了幾類不正當競爭的行為。
The administrative liability arising from the commission of acts of unfair competition through advertising corresponds, in all cases, to the advertiser. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the media shall also be administratively liable for the commission of acts of unfair competition that infringe broadcasting rules that regulate, condition or prohibit the communication of certain contents or the advertising of certain types of products. This liability is independent of the liability of the advertiser. Additionally, the advertising agency will also be administratively liable when the commission of acts of unfair competition is generated by an advertising content different from the characteristics of the advertised good or service. This liability is also independent from that of the advertiser.
通過廣告實施不正當競爭行為所產生的行政責任，在所有情況下都應由廣告主承擔。盡管如此，如果媒體實施了不正當競爭行為，例如違反了管理、限制或禁止傳播某種內容或播放某種產品廣告的播放規則，媒體也應承擔行政責任。這種責任獨立于廣告主的責任。此外，如果實施不正當競爭行為是由于廣告內容與商品或服務特性不一致所產生的，廣告機構也應承擔行政責任。這種責任也獨立于廣告主的責任。
In accordance with the provisions of the Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition, the contravention of any of the provisions set forth therein may be sanctioned according to the following detail:
根據《制止不正當競爭法》的規定，違反該法任何條款可按以下細則予以處罰：
(i) Financial sanctions: from a reprimand to a fine, depending on the type of infringement: (a) minor infringement that did not have any real effect on the market: a reprimand; (b) minor infringement: up to 50 UIT (US$ 65,500 approximately); (c) serious infringement: up to 250 UIT (US$ 327,500 approximately); and, (d) very serious infringement: up to 700 UIT (US$ 920,000 approximately).
經濟制裁：從申誡到罰款，取決于侵權的類型：（a）對市場沒有任何實際影響的輕微侵權：申誡；（b）輕微侵權：不超過50 UIT（約合65,500美元）;（c）嚴重侵權：不超過250 UIT（約合327,500美元）；和（d）非常嚴重侵權：不超過700 UIT（約合920,000美元）。
For purposes of determining the seriousness of the infraction and the application of the corresponding fines, the Commission shall take into account the following criteria:
為確定違法的嚴重性和適用相應的罰款，委員會將考慮以下標準：
a) The illicit benefit resulting from the commission of the infraction; 違法行為所產生的非法利益；
b) The probability of detection of the infringement; 發現侵權的可能性；
c) The modality and scope of the act of unfair competition; 不正當競爭行為的形式和范圍；
d) The size of the market concerned; 相關市場的大小；
e) The market share of the infringer; 侵權人的市場份額；
f) The effect of the act of unfair competition on actual or potential competitors, on other agents participating in the competitive process and on consumers or users; 不正當競爭行為對實際或潛在競爭者、參與競爭過程的其他經營者、消費者或用戶的影響；
g) The duration in time of the act of unfair competition; and, 不正當競爭行為持續的時間；和
h) The recidivism or reiteration in the commission of an act of unfair competition.再次或重復實施不正當競爭行為。
(ii) Precautionary measures: measures intended to ensure the effectiveness of the final decision and prevent further damage to the concerned party. Among these measures are: the cessation of the infringing act, the confiscation and/or immobilization of the infringing products, the temporary closure of the establishment, among others.
預防措施：為確保最終裁決的有效性和防止對當事人造成進一步損害而采取的措施。這些措施包括：停止侵權行為、沒收和/或銷毀侵權產品、暫時停業以及其他措施。
(iii) Corrective measures: are those measures whose purpose is to reestablish fair competition in the market. These measures include the cessation of the infringing act, the removal of the effects produced by the infringing act, the confiscation and/or destruction of the infringing products, the temporary closing of the establishment, the rectification of misleading information, the publication of the conviction, among others.
糾正措施：為重建公平競爭的市場環境而采取的措施。這些措施包括：停止侵權行為、消除侵權行為的影響、沒收和/或銷毀侵權產品、暫時停業、更正誤導信息、公布違法結果，以及其他措施。
(iv) Fines for non-compliance: if the fine imposed or any of the ordered precautionary or corrective measures are not paid, additional sanctions may be imposed.
對違法行為的罰款：如已處罰款或被責令采取預防或糾正措施而不履行，可采取額外處罰措施。
