走近南美洲（秘魯）系列文章DOING BUSINESS PERú秘魯營商環境（十三）
2025-08-05Contributor供稿：秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所
Chinese Translation中文翻譯：錦天城 王良 律師
China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.
中國是秘魯的主要貿易伙伴，是秘魯第一大出口目的地國，也是秘魯主要進口來源國。秘魯是中國在拉美的第二大投資目的地。兩國之間既建立全面戰略伙伴關系，又簽署了自由貿易協定。未來五到十年，秘魯將成為中國企業出海的另一片熱土，中國會有更多企業走向秘魯，并通過秘魯走向更廣闊的南美洲市場。錦天城積極開拓南美洲法律服務市場，向出海南美洲的中國企業提供可靠的東道國法律服務資源和做好國別法律研究等工作，為服務中國高水平對外開放和“一帶一路”戰略提供法律保障。為此，錦天城聯合秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所，推出《秘魯營商環境》系列文章，介紹秘魯走向世界、秘魯公司架構、秘魯外國投資促進和法律穩定性、企業運營法律環境、停業和企業重整等內容。
Insurance 保險
Insurance, reinsurance, intermediaries and insurance auxiliary companies are required to be duly authorized to operate locally. Their activities are supervised by the Banking, Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administration Superintendence ("SBS" for its Spanish acronym) in accordance with Act No. 26702, Financial System and Insurance and Organic System of the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance General Law.
保險、再保險、中介和保險輔助公司須獲得正式授權方可在當地開展業務。根據《金融體系和保險及銀行保險監督管理總局組織體系通則》（第26702號法令），這些機構的活動受銀行、保險和私人養老基金管理監管局（“SBS”，西班牙語縮寫）監管。
However, in terms of insurance agreements, the applicable regulation is primarily contained in Act No. 29946, Insurance Contract Law (LCS), in force on May 2013. The application of this law is imperative, except where indicated otherwise, and applies to all types of insurance, without exceptions, including insurance that covers large risks. Likewise, this law will be of supplementary application should there be mandatory insurance, regulated by special laws, such as the Complementary Occupational Risk Insurance.
然而，就保險協議而言，主要適用法規是2013年5月生效的第29946號法令《保險合同法》（“LCS”）。除另有規定外，本法必須強制適用，且適用于所有類型的保險，無一例外，包括承保大額風險的保險。同樣，對于由特別法律（如《補充職業風險保險法》）規范的強制性保險，本法將作為補充適用。
An important aspect of the aforementioned law is its protectionist scope in favor of the insured, having included the interpretation of the terms of the insurance policy in favor of the insured as a fundamental principle of insurance agreements, in case of doubt. Additionally, it has set forth a number of rules whose main objective is the defense of the interests of the insured, such as, among others, the consent of loss, abusive clauses and forbidden clauses.
上述法律的一個重要方面是其有利于被保險人的保護主義傾向。該法規定，如對保險單條款存疑，應作出有利于被保險人的解釋，并將此作為保險協議的一項基本原則。此外，該法還制定了一系列主要旨在保護被保險人利益的規則，例如（包括但不限于）損失確認同意、顯失公平條款和禁止性條款。
Complementary to provisions set forth in the Insurance Contract Law, the SBS periodically issues several regulations and resolutions applicable to companies under the insurance system in order to establish terms and conditions of their activity (such as risk management and corporate governance); as well as regulations being complied with by SBS to supervise such companies. Among the most relevant regulations, the Conduct Management Regulation of the Insurance System Market (approved by SBS Resolution No. 4143-2019) which is intended to regulate the policies to be adopted by insurance undertakings in order to conduct themselves properly in the market and, in addition, to protect the right of users to access information about products and services commercialized by insurance companies. It should be mentioned the Reinsurance and Coinsurance Contracting and Management Regulation (approved by SBS Resolution No. 4706-2017). It is applicable to insurance companies, reinsurance brokerage companies and foreign reinsurance company representatives. This regulation establishes the requirements for entering into reinsurance contracts, as well as a number of criteria to improve reinsurance contracting and supervision. It should be noted that in 2019, new rules were issued concerning the registration, supervision and control of insurance and reinsurance intermediaries, foreign reinsurance companies and cross-border insurance activities.
作為對《保險合同法》規定的補充，SBS定期發布適用于保險體系下公司的若干條例和決議，以確立其業務活動（如風險管理和公司治理）的條款與條件；以及SBS據以監管此類公司的規定。最相關的法規包括：《保險體系市場行為管理規范》（經SBS第4143-2019號決議批準），旨在規范保險公司為在市場上正當經營而應采取的政策，并保護用戶獲取保險公司所售產品和服務信息的權利。值得一提的是《再保險與共保業務承包與管理規范》（經SBS第4706-2017號決議批準）。該規范適用于保險公司、再保險經紀公司和外國再保險公司代表處。該規范規定了簽訂再保險合同的要求，以及改進再保險承包和監管的若干標準。值得注意的是，2019年，秘魯出臺了關于保險和再保險中介機構、外國再保險公司及跨境保險活動的注冊、監管與控制的新規。
In addition, as a result of COVID-19, the SBS promoted the regulation of remote systems for the commercialization of mass insurance through SBS Resolution No. 277-2021, which facilitated the possibility for insurance companies, brokers and marketers to efficiently promote insurance offerings through non-face-to-face mechanisms.
此外，受COVID-19疫情影響，SBS通過第277-2021號決議推動規范大規模保險銷售的遠程系統，為保險公司、經紀人和營銷商通過非面對面方式高效推廣保險產品提供了便利。
Finally, it shall be noted that different regulations under the Peruvian legal framework impose to representatives of different economy sectors the obligation to purchase different types of insurance regarding the type of activity being carried out and the involving risks, such as mandatory insurance for traffic accidents, personal accident and civil liability insurance for aviation activities, among others.
最后，應當注意，秘魯法律框架下的不同法規要求不同經濟部門的代表，根據所開展活動的類型及涉及的風險，有義務購買不同類型的保險，例如交通事故強制保險、航空活動的人身意外和民事責任保險等。
Internet regulations / E-Commerce互聯網監管/電子商務
The legal and regulatory framework for electronic transactions in Peru is broad and regulates various aspects including consumer protection, personal data protection, computer crimes, digital security, electronic signatures, tax aspects on the sale of digital products and services, among others.
秘魯關于電子交易的法律和監管框架廣泛，涵蓋了多個方面，包括消費者保護、個人數據保護、計算機犯罪、數字安全、電子簽名、數字產品和服務銷售的稅收問題等。
In general terms, the Civil Code regulates non-face-to-face contracting and recognizes the use of electronic and digital means as a valid way to manifest the will and perfect consent in any legal action.
總體而言，《民法典》規范了非面對面的合同訂立，并承認使用電子和數字手段是在任何法律行為中表達意愿和達成有效合意的有效方式。
The parties involved in an e-commerce relationship (consumers and suppliers) must respect the principles of good faith and transparency in their consumer relations. Suppliers must have terms and conditions in their digital channels that clearly specify the conditions for the acquisition of goods or services. Likewise, they must establish privacy and cookie policies that duly regulate the use of their users' data as provided by the Peruvian Personal Data Protection Law, enacted by Law No. 29733 (the "LPD"), and its regulations approved by Supreme Decree No. 003-2013-JUS. Also, they must have a virtual Complaints Book which must necessarily be hosted on the home page of their website.
電子商務關系中的各方（消費者和供應商）必須在其消費關系中遵守誠信和透明的原則。供應商必須在其數字渠道中設置條款與條件，明確規定獲取商品或服務的條件。同樣，他們必須制定隱私政策和Cookie政策，根據第29733號法律頒布的《秘魯個人數據保護法》（LPD）及其經最高法令第003-2013-JUS號批準的條例，對其用戶數據的使用進行適當規范。此外，他們必須在網站主頁上設置在線投訴系統。
In terms of consumer protection, there is no specific rule that regulates the situation of the consumer who contracts through digital channels, however, to fill this gap, the Code of Consumer Protection and Defense (hereinafter, the Code) is used, a rule that contains the minimum provisions for the protection of consumers. Likewise, the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) is in charge of resolving consumer claims against e-commerce suppliers. The rules of the Code apply to: (i) any "consumer relationship" that originates in Peruvian territory or produces effects in such territory (even if it originates elsewhere); and, (ii) transactions that do not involve payment of consideration but have a commercial purpose aimed at promoting consumption. It is worth mentioning that in the last few years several regulatory reform initiatives have been presented that seek to have a specific regulation for the protection of e-commerce consumers; however, they are still under review before Congress.
在消費者保護方面，尚無專門法規規范通過數字渠道訂立合同的消費者的情況。為填補這一空白，適用包含消費者保護最低限度規定的《消費者保護與權益保障法典》（以下簡稱《法典》）。同樣，國家競爭保護和知識產權保護局（Indecopi）負責處理消費者針對電子商務供應商的索賠。《法典》的規則適用于：(1) 任何源于秘魯境內或在該境內產生效力的“消費者關系”（即使其源于其他地方）；以及 (2) 雖不涉及支付對價但具有旨在促進消費的商業目的的交易。值得一提的是，過去幾年提出了多項監管改革倡議，旨在制定保護電子商務消費者的專門法規；然而，這些倡議仍在國會審議中。
The use of electronic signatures is expressly regulated by Law No. 27269, Law on Digital Signatures and Certificates (Law of Signatures), and its Regulations, which recognize three types of electronic signatures (simple electronic signature, advanced electronic signature and digital signature). These rules establish that the digital signature has the same validity and legal effectiveness as the use of a handwritten signature, as long as it has been generated by a duly accredited digital certification service provider within the Official Electronic Signature Infrastructure (IOFE). On the other hand, although "simple or advanced electronic signatures" do not provide the same legal protection (in terms of identification of the signer and non-repudiation of the document subscribed) as a digital signature or a handwritten signature, it is valid to use such electronic signatures as a valid expression of will, provided that no specific legal or contractual provision is violated.
電子簽名的使用由第27269號法律《數字簽名和證書法》（《簽名法》）及其實施條例明確規定。該法承認三種類型的電子簽名（簡單電子簽名、高級電子簽名和數字簽名）。這些規則規定，只要數字簽名是由官方電子簽名基礎設施（IOFE）內獲得正式認可的數字認證服務提供商生成的，其即具有與手寫簽名同等的效力和法律效力。另一方面，盡管“簡單電子簽名或高級電子簽名”在識別簽署人身份和簽署文件的不可否認性方面，不能提供與數字簽名或手寫簽名同等的法律保護，但若未違反具體的法律或合同規定，使用此類電子簽名作為有效的意思表示是有效的。
On the other hand, in recent years, several issues related to the Internet have been regulated, such as electronic money, anti-spam regulations, domain name registration, e-government, computer crimes, liability of digital platforms of collaborative economy, online gambling, payment gateways and payment systems through QR Code, etc. However, several transactions on the Internet are not yet regulated, such as some fintechs that process online payment services that are self-regulated according to the terms agreed by the parties, and in a supplementary manner by the relevant legislation.
另一方面，近年來，一些與互聯網相關的問題已受到監管，例如電子貨幣、反垃圾郵件法規、域名注冊、電子政務、計算機犯罪、協作經濟數字平臺的責任、網絡賭博、支付網關和二維碼支付系統等。然而，互聯網上的若干交易尚未受到監管，例如一些處理在線支付服務的金融科技公司，其服務依據雙方約定的條款進行自我規范，并輔以相關立法進行補充監管。
Finally, for tax purposes, commercial transactions carried out through the Internet are regulated as "digital services", which, depending on how they have been carried out, are affected by the Income Tax.
最后，就稅收目的而言，通過互聯網進行的商業交易被視為 “數字服務” 進行監管，根據其交易方式的不同，需繳納所得稅。
Financing Issues / Payments融資問題/支付
The execution of financing agreements with foreign financial entities is not subject to any restrictions, nor does it require prior authorization from, or registration with, the Central Bank of Peru, the Superintendency of Banking, Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administrators (SBS) or any other similar entity. Payment of debt abroad under such agreements is equally free of authorizations or restrictions without prejudice to the applicable Income Tax deductions, on any interest paid, to be made.
與外國金融實體簽訂融資協議不受任何限制，也無需事先獲得秘魯中央銀行、銀行保險與私人養老基金管理人監管局（SBS）或任何其他類似機構的授權或向其注冊。根據此類協議在境外償還債務同樣無需授權或受限，但須遵守對所支付的任何利息進行適用所得稅扣除的規定。
Financial leases may only be carried out by financial leasing companies. If such companies have either of the two characteristics set forth in the applicable regulation, they must be domiciled in Peru and be duly authorized by the SBS to carry out their operations. Companies engaged in financial leasing operations that do not have any of these characteristics will be considered as financial leasing companies outside the scope of the Banking Law, and must only register with the SBS to carry out their operations.
融資租賃業務只能由金融租賃公司開展。若此類公司具備適用法規中規定的兩個特征中的任一特征，則其必須在秘魯設立住所并獲得SBS的正式授權方可開展業務。不符合前述任一特征的、從事融資租賃業務的公司，將被視為《銀行法》范圍之外的金融租賃公司，僅需在SBS注冊即可開展業務。
Guarantees 擔保
There are no restrictions for security interests being held by foreign individuals or entities in Peru. The most commonly used types of guarantees under Peruvian law are mortgages and pledges (security interest).
外國個人或實體在秘魯持有（動產）擔保權益不受限制。秘魯法律下最常用的擔保類型是抵押和（動產）擔保權益。
（1）Mortgage抵押
Real estate may be mortgaged. In order to create a security under a mortgage the following essential requirements must be met:
不動產可以設定抵押。設定抵押擔保須滿足以下基本要求：
Expressed consent of the owner or his representative duly authorized.
所有權人或其正式授權代表的明示同意。
Secure compliance of a specified or determinable obligation.
擔保履行某一項特定的或可確定的義務。
Secured amount must be fixed or determinable.
擔保金額必須是固定的或可確定的。
It should be given under a Notarially Recorded Instrument, pursuant law otherwise.
應通過經公證登記的文書設定，除非法律另有規定。
Registration of the Notarially Recorded Instrument containing the mortgage agreement in the Registry of Real Estate Property.
將包含抵押協議的經公證登記的文書在不動產登記處登記。
Once the mortgage is registered in the abovementioned registry, it is considered legally valid and effective. Mortgage foreclosure is normally executed through court proceedings.
一旦抵押在上述登記處完成登記，即被視為具有法律效力和實際效力。抵押權的實現通常通過法院訴訟程序執行。
（2）Security Interest （動產）擔保權益
A security interest attaches any personal property provided by Peruvian law. For its validation, it should be in written. Security interest may comply with required formalities; and to be enforceable as to third parties applicable disclosure mechanisms is required (generally, registration in the pertinent Public Registry).
（動產）擔保權益附著于秘魯法律允許的任何動產之上。為使其有效，應以書面形式設定。（動產）擔保權益須遵守要求的法定形式；并且，為使該權益可對抗第三人，必須履行適用的公示機制（通常是在相關的公共登記處進行登記）。
Enforcement of the security interest can be made with no need of courts, except as provided otherwise in security agreement.
除非擔保協議另有規定，（動產）擔保權益的執行無需通過法院即可進行。
