走近南美洲（秘魯）系列文章DOING BUSINESS PERú秘魯營商環境（十四）
2025-08-12Contributor供稿：秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所
Chinese Translation中文翻譯：錦天城 王良 律師
China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.
中國是秘魯的主要貿易伙伴，是秘魯第一大出口目的地國，也是秘魯主要進口來源國。秘魯是中國在拉美的第二大投資目的地。兩國之間既建立全面戰略伙伴關系，又簽署了自由貿易協定。未來五到十年，秘魯將成為中國企業出海的另一片熱土，中國會有更多企業走向秘魯，并通過秘魯走向更廣闊的南美洲市場。錦天城積極開拓南美洲法律服務市場，向出海南美洲的中國企業提供可靠的東道國法律服務資源和做好國別法律研究等工作，為服務中國高水平對外開放和“一帶一路”戰略提供法律保障。為此，錦天城聯合秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所，推出《秘魯營商環境》系列文章，介紹秘魯走向世界、秘魯公司架構、秘魯外國投資促進和法律穩定性、企業運營法律環境、停業和企業重整等內容。
Litigation / Dispute Resolution Systems 訴訟/爭議解決制度
Peruvian law allows the resolution of disputes either through the Judiciary or through arbitration courts. Foreigners are subject to the same rights and legal guaranties that apply to nationals. Due process and effective jurisdictional protection are recognized as constitutional rights.
秘魯法律允許通過司法機構或仲裁庭解決爭議。外國人享有與本國國民相同的權利和法律保障。正當程序和有效的司法保護被承認為憲法權利。
Judicial System 司法制度
The Peruvian judicial system is integrated by different types of courts that are specialized in different areas of law and have a determined jurisdiction defined by matters of law, location, amounts involved in the dispute, among other factors. Civil courts are in charge of civil, commercial and constitutional disputes, and challenges to administrative decisions, while criminal courts deal with any matter that is considered a crime under our Criminal Code or other applicable laws. Peru has a Civil Law System, unlike Common Law. Nevertheless, jurisprudence is mandatory if the Constitutional Court expressly determines that a case is considered “jurisprudence” under Peruvian Law.
秘魯司法體系由不同類型的法院組成，這些法院分別負責不同的法律領域，其管轄權根據法律事項、地域、爭議金額及其他因素確定。民事法院負責處理民事、商事、憲法爭議以及對行政決定的異議，而刑事法院則處理根據《刑法典》或其他適用法律被視為犯罪的事項。秘魯屬于大陸法系，與普通法系不同。然而，如果憲法法院明確裁定，某一案件構成秘魯法下的“判例”，則該判例具有約束力。
Proceedings related to civil and commercial matters are duly contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, while criminal proceedings are regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The latter replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure, which remains in force only and exclusively for certain proceedings that were initiated under it. On the other hand, constitutional proceedings are governed by the Code of Constitutional Procedure, while the review of administrative decisions is governed by the Law of Contentious Administrative Proceedings.
與民事和商事事項相關的程序規定在《民事訴訟法典》中，刑事訴訟程序則由《刑事訴訟法典》規范。新《刑事訴訟法典》取代了舊《刑事訴訟法典》，舊法典僅對在其生效期間啟動的特定程序繼續有效。另一方面，憲法訴訟程序受《憲法訴訟法典》管轄，而對行政決定的審查則由《行政訴訟程序法》管轄。
The Judiciary is organized into 35 judicial districts around the country. First Instance courts include both civil and criminal judges. In each judicial district, a Superior Court acts as the second instance court of appeals. There are specific proceedings for constitutional, criminal and civil matters in which the Superior Court acts as the court of first instance. In those proceedings, the Supreme Court acts as the court of appeals. The Supreme Court is the highest court and usually hears final reviews of cases only in matters of law.
司法系統在全國劃分為35個司法區。初審法院包括民事法官和刑事法官。在每個司法區，設有一個高等法院（Superior Court）作為二審上訴法院。對于某些特定的憲法、刑事和民事案件程序，高等法院擔任一審法院。在此類程序中，最高法院擔任上訴法院。最高法院是最高司法機關，通常僅審理涉及法律問題的案件終審。
In the case of protection of constitutional rights such as life, health, non-discrimination, employment, due process, property, assembly, secrecy of communications and private documents, bank secrecy, among others, the final review of the complaint corresponds to the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court is an independent court which is not part of the Judiciary.
在涉及保護生命權、健康權、不受歧視權、工作權、正當程序權、財產權、集會權、通訊及私人文件保密權、銀行保密權等憲法權利的案件中，對申訴的最終審查權屬于憲法法院。憲法法院是一個獨立法院，不隸屬于司法系統。
2. Jurisdiction of Courts 法院管轄權
There are two main categories to determine the organization of the judiciary system: by territory and by specialty. Jurisdiction is determined solely by law. However, it is a common practice that jurisdiction or grounds of territory may be modified by the parties through an agreement prior to trial.
確定司法體系組織的主要依據有兩個：地域管轄和專門管轄。管轄權僅由法律規定。然而，在實踐中，當事人通?？梢栽趯徟星巴ㄟ^協議變更管轄權或地域管轄依據。
3. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 外國判決的執行
Peruvian law recognizes foreign judgments, enforcing them with the same effects given to Peruvian judgments. For said purpose, foreign judgments need to be recognized through a judicial procedure (exequatur).
秘魯法律承認外國判決，執行時賦予其與秘魯判決同等的效力。為此目的，外國判決需要通過一項司法程序（承認與執行程序，exequatur）獲得承認。
Enforcement of foreign judgments is subject to satisfaction of the following requirements: (i) the judgment to be enforced does not resolve matters under the exclusive jurisdiction of Peruvian courts; (ii) the court issuing the judgment had jurisdiction under its own conflict of laws rules and under international rules on jurisdiction; (iii) the defendant was served with process in accordance with the law of the place where the court sits, was granted a reasonable opportunity to appear before said foreign courts, and was guaranteed due process rights; (iv) the judgment has the status of res judicata in the jurisdiction of the court issuing it; (v) there is no pending litigation in the Republic of Peru between the same parties for the same dispute, that was initiated before the commencement of the proceeding that concluded with the foreign judgment; (vi) the judgment is not incompatible with another enforceable judgment in Peru, unless the foreign judgment was issued first; (vii) the judgment is not contrary to generally accepted moral standards or public policy of the Republic of Peru; and (viii) if there is a treaty between the Republic of Peru and the country in which said judgment was issued, the provisions of said treaty will apply.
外國判決的執行須滿足以下條件：(1) 待執行的判決不涉及秘魯法院專屬管轄的事項；(2) 作出判決的法院根據其自身的沖突法規則以及國際管轄權規則擁有管轄權；(3) 被告已依據該法院所在地法律被合法送達傳票，被給予在該外國法院出庭的合理機會，且其正當程序權利得到保障；(4) 該判決在作出法院的司法轄區內具有既判力（res judicata）；(5) 在秘魯共和國，相同當事人之間就同一爭議不存在未決訴訟，且該未決訴訟系在導致該外國判決的程序開始之前提起；(6) 該判決與秘魯境內另一可執行判決不相沖突，除非該外國判決作出在先；(7) 該判決不違背秘魯共和國普遍接受的道德標準或公共政策；以及 (8) 若秘魯共和國與作出該判決的國家之間存在條約，則適用該條約的規定。
In the absence of a treaty between Peru and the foreign country, the rules of reciprocity (which are presumed) will apply, under which a judgment issued by a competent foreign court will be admissible in the Peruvian courts and will be enforceable thereby, except if according to said foreign law: (a) judgments issued by Peruvian courts are not admissible in said foreign country, or (b) judgments issued by Peruvian courts are subject to re-examination by said competent court of the issues addressed therein. Currently, there is no treaty between the Republic of Peru and the United States of America on the enforcement of foreign judicial resolutions.
若秘魯與該外國之間無條約，則適用（推定的）互惠規則。根據互惠規則，有管轄權的國外法院作出的判決，可在秘魯法院獲得承認并得以執行，除非根據該外國法律： (1) 秘魯法院作出的判決在該外國不被承認；或 (2) 秘魯法院作出的判決須經該有管轄權的法院對其所涉事項進行重新審理。目前，秘魯共和國與美利堅合眾國之間尚無關于執行外國司法裁決的條約。
4. Arbitration 仲裁
Any civil or commercial dispute can be submitted to arbitration if the parties thereto agree to do so.
任何民事或商事爭議，只要當事人同意，均可提交仲裁。
When arbitration takes place, any matters not expressly provided for by the parties will be ruled by the Arbitration Law, which contains provisions regulating both domestic and international arbitration carried out in Peru.
仲裁進行時，當事人未明確約定的任何事項，將由《仲裁法》管轄；該法包含規范在秘魯進行的國內和國際仲裁的條款。
Foreign arbitral awards will be recognized and enforced in Peru, pursuant to the following instruments, even if they are based on a foreign law:
即使依據外國法律作出的外國仲裁裁決，在秘魯也將根據下列文書得到承認與執行：
Convention of Reconnaissance and Execution of Arbitral Decisions, approved in New York on June 10, 1958; or
《承認及執行外國仲裁裁決公約》（《紐約公約》），1958年6月10日于紐約通過；或
Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, approved in Panama on January 30, 1975.
《美洲國家間國際商事仲裁公約》（《巴拿馬公約》），1975年1月30日于巴拿馬通過。
In addition to the previous mentioned conventions, Peru has upheld several multilateral instruments, standing out the ICSID Convention and the Montevideo Convention.
除上述公約外，秘魯還加入（或批準）了若干多邊文書，其中最為重要的是《解決國家與他國國民間投資爭端公約》（《ICSID公約》或《華盛頓公約》）和《蒙得維的亞公約》。
Peru has also entered into bilateral treaties regarding the recognition of foreign awards.
秘魯還簽訂了關于承認（與執行）外國（仲裁）裁決的雙邊條約。
