走近南美洲（秘魯）系列文章：DOING BUSINESS PERú秘魯營商環境（二）
2024-06-26Contributor供稿：秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所
Chinese Translation中文翻譯：錦天城 王良 律師
China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.
中國是秘魯的主要貿易伙伴，是秘魯第一大出口目的地國，也是秘魯主要進口來源國。秘魯是中國在拉美的第二大投資目的地。兩國之間既建立全面戰略伙伴關系，又簽署了自由貿易協定。未來五到十年，秘魯將成為中國企業出海的另一片熱土，中國會有更多企業走向秘魯，并通過秘魯走向更廣闊的南美洲市場。錦天城積極開拓南美洲法律服務市場，向出海南美洲的中國企業提供可靠的東道國法律服務資源和做好國別法律研究等工作，為服務中國高水平對外開放和“一帶一路“戰略提供法律保障。為此，錦天城聯合秘魯Rodrigo,Elías & Medrano律師事務所，推出《秘魯營商環境》系類文章，介紹秘魯走向世界、秘魯公司架構、秘魯外國投資促進和法律穩定性、企業運營法律環境、停業和企業重整等內容。
AVAILABLE CORPORATE STRUCTURES
秘魯公司組織形式
A. Permanent Structures 永久性組織形式
i. Frequently used Corporate Structures 常用公司組織形式
The stock corporation and the limited liability company are the most important and frequently used company types regulated under the General Corporations Law (LGS” for its Spanish acronym), effective on January 1, 1998.
股份公司和有限責任公司是1998年1月1日生效的《秘魯普通公司法》（西班牙語首字母縮寫為“LGS”）所規范的最重要和最常用的公司類型。
The LGS Law recognizes and regulates seven types of corporations:
LGS法認可并規范以下七種類型的公司：
(i) Stock corporations, in its three corporate forms: general stock - S.A.; closely held--S.A.C. and publicly held - S.A.A 股份公司有三種公司形式，普通股份- S.A.；封閉持股- S.A.C.；公眾持股- S. A.A.
(ii) General partnership 普通合伙企業
(iii) Limited partnership 有限合伙企業
(iv) Limited partnership by shares 股份有限合伙企業
(v) Commercial limited liability company商業有限責任公司
(vi) Ordinary civil society 普通市民社會組織
(vii) Limited liability company有限責任公司
On the other hand, Legislative Decree No. 1409 and its Regulations, published in September 2018 and October 2019 respectively, create and regulate a new corporate form: the Simplified Closed Stock Company (S.A.C.S.). This new corporate form, which allows only natural persons to be shareholders, seeks to have a more expeditious constitution procedure.
另一方面，2018年9月公布的第1409號立法法令及2019年10月公布的實施細則創設并規范了一種新的公司形式：簡易封閉股份有限公司（S. A. C. S.）。這種新的公司形式，只允許自然人成為股東，設立程序更為快捷。
The most common corporations in commercial practice are the stock corporations. In general, Peruvian regulations on corporations are similar to those established in other jurisdictions. Peruvian legislation recognizes and regulates three types of stock corporations: (i) general stock - S.A.; (ii) closely held - S.A.C.; and (iii) publicly held - S.A.A. These three types of corporation mentioned above have the essential features of any stock corporation, that is, stocks are issued, their ownership is divided into equity shares and they have limited liability.
商業實踐中最常見的公司是股份公司。一般而言，秘魯對公司的規定與其他司法管轄區的規定相似。秘魯立法認可并規范三種類型的股份公司：（i）普通股份- S. A.; （ii）封閉持股- S. A. C.; （iii）公眾持股- S. A. A.。上述三種類型的公司均具備股份公司的基本特征，即：發行股票、所有權分被均分成股份、承擔有限責任。
(i)A general stock corporation is a capital stock company. Its capital is represented by shares which give titleholders the rights set forth in the LGS Law, as well as in the respective company bylaws.
普通股份公司是一種資本股權公司。其資本由股份所代表，并賦予股份持有人在LGS法中所規定的，以及在各自的公司內部章程中所規定的權利。
(ii) Specific regulations regarding closely held corporations include characteristics proper to a
capital stock company, and also provide a suitable corporate structure for a limited number of shareholders who are usually involved in the company management. Given the importance of shareholders’ personal factors in terms of ownership and capital management, its shares cannot be listed on the stock market.
關于封閉持股公司的特殊規定包含了股份公司的特征，也為通常參與公司經營管理、有限數量的股東提供了合適的公司組織形式。鑒于股東在所有權和資本管理方面具有人合性的重要考慮，其股份不能在證券市場上市。
(iii) An publicly held corporation must comply with one or more of the following conditions: (i) have made a primary public offering of shares or bonds convertible into shares; (ii) have more than 750 shareholders; (iii) more than 35% of its capital stock must belong to 175 or more shareholders, without considering within this number those shareholders whose individual owner equity does not reach two per thousand of the capital or exceeds 5% of the capital stock; (iv) it is incorporated as such; or (v) all shareholders with voting rights have unanimously approved to adopt such corporation system. Publicly held corporation must register its stock in the Stock Market Public Registry. This means that its stock trading of free transfer may not be restricted, unless otherwise expressly provided in the LGS Law. This type of corporation is subject to supervision by the Superintendence of Stock Market (SMV).
（iii） 公眾持股公司必須符合以下一項或多項條件：（i）已經首次公開發行了股票或可轉換為股票的債券；（ii）超過750名股東；（iii）超過35%的股本屬于175名或以上的股東，但不考慮其中個人所有者權益未達到資本千分之二或股本總額超過5%的股東；（iv）已經按照公眾持股公司的形式設立；或（v）所有有投票權的股東一致同意采用這一公司制度。公眾持股公司必須在證券市場公開登記處登記其股票。這意味著除非LGS法明確規定，其股票的自由轉讓不得受到限制。這種類型的公司受證券市場監管局（SMV）的監管。
Regulations applicable to the limited liability company - S.R.L. are similar to those for closely held corporations as members’ personal factors are involved in these types of companies pursuant to the LGS Law. In these companies, capital is represented by membership interest.
根據LGS法，適用于有限責任公司-S. R. L.的法規與封閉持股公司相似，封閉持股公司成員的人合因素也體現在這些類型公司中。在這些公司中，資本代表著股東權益。
a. General Features一般特征The table below describes the most relevant features of the general stock corporation, closely held corporation, and limited liability companies.
下表詳細描述了股份有限公司、封閉持股公司和有限責任公司的主要特征：
b. Management管理層
The table below provides a general overview of the corporate bodies involved in the management of general stock corporation, closed corporation, and limited liability company.
下表提供了涉及股份有限公司、封閉公司和有限責任公司管理的法人機構的總體概述。
c. Incorporation Process 設立流程
The process of incorporating a company takes approximately 15 business days. For founding partners of non-resident entities or individuals that are abroad at the time of incorporation, they will be required to have the corresponding powers of attorney registered. These documents must be registered before the Public Registry. This process could take up to 15 additional business days.
設立一家公司的流程大約需要15個工作日。設立時在國外的非居民實體或個人身份的創立合伙人，需要登記相應的授權委托書。該等文件必須在公共登記處登記。完成該流程可能額外需要15個工作日。
The table below is a timetable detailing the steps that need to be taken to incorporate a company in Peru:
下表詳細說明在秘魯設立一家公司的步驟和所需用的時間：
ii. Branches 分支機構
An alternative to setting up corporations is to establish branches, which are deemed to have permanent legal representation and enjoy procedural autonomy in the sphere of activities assigned to them by the parent company, in accordance with the powers granted to their representatives. Branches do not have independent legal status. The table below describes the requirements and procedure to establish a branch in Peru.
設立公司的另一種選擇是設立分支機構，分支機構被視為具有永久的法定代表地位，并根據授予其代表的權力，在母公司授權的活動范圍內享有程序上的自主權。分支機構不具有獨立的法律地位。下表描述了在秘魯設立分支機構的條件和程序。
iii. Joint ventures 合資企業
Peruvian law defines two different types of joint ventures: the consortium and the silent partnership agreement (contrato de asociación en participación). This is not an exhaustive list, so that other associative contracts, such as associations or joint ventures, are also permitted under Peruvian law, without the need for specific regulation.
秘魯法律定義了兩種不同類型的合資企業：聯合體和沉默合伙協議（締約以參加組織）。但這并不是一個詳盡的清單，其他聯合合同，例如協會或合資企業，也被秘魯法律允許，不需要特別的規定。
The consortium is defined as a contract in which two individuals or legal entities join together in order to participate in a certain business to share profits and reduce their transaction costs. Consortiums do not generate a separate independent entity from its partners.
聯合體被定義為兩個個人或法律實體聯合在一起的合同，以參與特定的商業活動，分享利潤并降低交易成本。聯合體并不產生獨立于其合作伙伴的單獨實體。
The LGS defines the silent-partnership agreement as a contract by means of which an individual or company grants to a person or persons (whether individuals or legal entities) a participation in the profits of the business that it carries out with third parties. In exchange, the participating partner usually provides some kind of contribution to the business. In this type of contracts, the participating party remains hidden from third parties with whom its partner may undertake business activities.
LGS法將沉默合伙協議定義為一種合同，通過該合同，個人或公司授予一個或多人（無論是個人還是法律實體）參與其與第三方開展的商業活動的利潤。作為交換，參與的合作伙伴通常向企業提供某種形式的出資。在這種類型的合同中，參與方不出現在合作伙伴與第三方可能從事的商業活動中。
B. Agency / Reseller / Franchising / Distribution Networks 代理/經銷商/特許經營/分銷網絡
Peruvian law does not have any specific provisions for the establishment, requirements or treatment of agency, distributors, franchises or distribution networks. Likewise, there are no rules for the protection of the agent or distributor. Consequently, any agency, resale, franchise or distribution business conducted by Peruvian entities will be governed by the provisions of the contract entered into between the parties and the general provisions applicable to contracts and obligations.
秘魯法律沒有任何關于設立、要求或對代理、經銷商、特許經營或分銷網絡的規定。同樣，也沒有關于對代理商或經銷商的保護規則。因此，任何由秘魯實體進行的代理、轉售、特許經營或分銷業務將受雙方之間簽署合同的約束，適用于合同條款和義務約定。
Franchising agreements must be registered before the National Institute for the Protection of Competition and Intellectual Property (“INDECOPI” for its Spanish acronym), the Peruvian trademark authority, in order to use the marks involved in said agreements.
特許經營協議必須在秘魯商標管理機構，競爭和知識產權保護部進行注冊（西班牙語縮寫為“INDECOPI”），以便使用該協議中涉及的商標。
C. Representative Offices and other “Non-Permanent” Establishments代表處和其他“非常設”機構
Foreign companies may establish representative offices and “non-permanent” establishments without the need for any registration or approval, except in certain regulated industries, such as banks and insurance companies. These types of establishments must have sufficient powers of representation so that the agreements signed by these establishments are enforceable under Peruvian law.
外國公司無需任何注冊或批準，可以設立代表處和“非常設”機構, 但某些受監管行業除外，如銀行和保險公司。這類機構必須有充分的代表權限，以使其簽署的協議具有秘魯法律上的效力。
D. Authorizations and Registrations 授權和注冊
The undertaking of certain business activities requires prior approval from the competent authorities. This is the case, for instance, for banking and financial, insurance, and telecom activities, among others. Likewise, any activities involving natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, require prior authorization or granting of a concession by the competent governmental authorities.
從事某些商業活動需要主管部門的事先批準。例如，銀行和金融、保險和電信等活動。同樣，涉及自然資源（包括可再生資源與不可再生資源）的任何活動，需要政府主管部門的事先批準或授予特許權。
E. Sensitive Industries / Restrictions on Foreign Ownership敏感行業/對外資所有權的限制
Generally, Peruvian law does not establish restrictions on undertaking any business activity or owning property in Peru, except for the limitations on shareholding ownership by foreigners in local companies in certain industries such as air and maritime transport, banking, among others, as well as the real estate property referred to in section V., subparagraph I. on property law and real estate investment.
一般而言，秘魯法律對在秘魯從事任何商業活動或擁有財產不設限制，除了對某些行業中外國人的持股比例進行限制外，如航空和海運，銀行等，以及關于物權法第五部分第（1）項中所涉不動產及不動產投資。
F. Political Risk and Related Issues 政治風險和相關問題
Peru has provided a stable legal and business environment for the past 25 years. As a result, the country has recently been considered as a country with investment grade by major risk assessment entities. Provided they meet certain minimum requirements, foreign investors are entitled to enter into the Legal Stability Agreements referred to in Section IV below.
在過去的25年中，秘魯提供了穩定的法律和商業環境。因此，該國最近被重要的風險評估機構認定作為適宜投資的國家級別。只要外國投資者滿足某些最低要求，有權簽訂法律穩定協議。
