走近南美洲（秘魯）系列文章DOING BUSINESS PERú秘魯營商環境（七）
2024-07-23Contributor供稿：秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所
Chinese Translation中文翻譯：錦天城 王良 律師
China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.
中國是秘魯的主要貿易伙伴，是秘魯第一大出口目的地國，也是秘魯主要進口來源國。秘魯是中國在拉美的第二大投資目的地。兩國之間既建立全面戰略伙伴關系，又簽署了自由貿易協定。未來五到十年，秘魯將成為中國企業出海的另一片熱土，中國會有更多企業走向秘魯，并通過秘魯走向更廣闊的南美洲市場。錦天城積極開拓南美洲法律服務市場，向出海南美洲的中國企業提供可靠的東道國法律服務資源和做好國別法律研究等工作，為服務中國高水平對外開放和“一帶一路“戰略提供法律保障。為此，錦天城聯合秘魯Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律師事務所，推出《秘魯營商環境》系類文章，介紹秘魯走向世界、秘魯公司架構、秘魯外國投資促進和法律穩定性、企業運營法律環境、停業和企業重整等內容。
Environmental Issues 環境問題
The right to a balanced and adequate environment is recognized by the Constitution.
《憲法》承認公民享有平衡和適宜環境的權利。
The General Environmental Law (LGA) – Act No. 28611, governs the general legal framework for environmental management and protection, as well as the basic principles and rules for ensuring the effective exercise and defense of the right to a healthy, balanced, and adequate environment.
《環境法》（第28611號）規定了環境管理和保護的一般法律框架，以及確保有效行使和維護享有健康、平衡和適宜環境的權利的基本原則和規定。
The LGA Law provides that any human activities involving construction, structures, services and other activities, as well public programs, policies and plans which may cause negative environmental impacts are subject to the National Environmental Impact Assessment System (“SEIA”) and therefore require the previous approval of an environmental management instrument.
《環境法》規定，涉及建筑、結構、服務和其他活動的任何人類活動，以及可能造成負面環境影響的公共方案、政策和計劃，均須遵守國家環境影響評估制度，因此，要取得對環境管理報告的事先批準。
In accordance with Law No. 27446, Act on the National System of Environmental Impact Assessment, the SEIA is a unique and coordinated system for identifying, preventing, monitoring, controlling and correcting potential negative environmental impacts derived from human actions expressed through the investment project ensuring citizen participation in this process. It should be noted that by Legislative Decree No. 1394 of September 5, 2018, several amendments were approved to Law No. 27446 regarding the creation of the National Certification Service for Sustainable Investments (“SENACE”) and the resulting transfer of competence in the environmental impact assessment to that authority.
根據《國家環境影響評估制度法》（第27446號），國家環境影響評估制度是一種特別協調機制，用于識別、預防、監測、控制和糾正因投資項目產生的人類活動所造成的潛在負面環境影響，并確保公民參與。2018年9月5日發布的第1394號法令批準了幾項針對第27446號的修正案，其中包括創建國家可持續投資核證局（“SENACE”）以及將環境影響評估權移交給該機構負責。
In line with the provisions of Legislative Decree No. 1394, on January 26, 2022, Supreme Decree No. 004-2022-MINAM was published, which approved the provisions of the Single Procedure of the SENACE Environmental Certification Process. By means of the referred Single Procedure, called PUPCA, which came into force on July 21, 2022, the requirements, stages and deadlines of the environmental evaluation procedure in charge of SENACE were standardized, in order to provide it with predictability and efficiency. Likewise, within the framework of the rules and principles of Digital or Electronic Government, the use of the Environmental Certification Single Window (EVA) is reinforced, as the mandatory platform to present the environmental management instruments in charge of SENACE.
根據第1394號法令的規定，在2022年1月26日公布的第004-2022-MINAM號最高法令，批準了SENACE環境許可證核發的單一程序規定。上述單一程序（“PUPCA”）于2022年7月21日生效，對 SENACE負責的環境評估程序要求、階段和期限進行了標準化，使其更有可預見性和效率。同樣，在數字或電子政府的規則和原則框架內，加強了環境核證單窗口的使用（“EVA”），將其作為對SENACE所負責的環境管理機構進行對外展示的強制性平臺。
In accordance with SEIA regulations, the classification of the environmental impact of investment projects, as well as the applicable environmental management instruments, is as follows:
根據《國家環境影響評估制度》的規定，投資項目環境影響的分類以及所適用的環境管理報告如下：
In accordance with these regulations, the execution of projects and service and trade activities shall not start without prior approval of the corresponding environmental management instrument. No national, sectorial, regional or local authority shall approve, authorize or allow these projects or activities if they do not have the pertinent environmental certification.
根據這些法規，只有在環境管理報告取得事先批準的情況下，項目實施和服務貿易活動才能開展。如果項目或活動沒有相關的環境證明，任何國家、行業、地區或地方政府都不得批準、授權或允許開展項目或活動。
The Ministry of the Environment (“MINAM”) governs SEIA and is the primarily entrusted to propose and execute environmental policies. However, environmental authority, such as environmental management instrument approval, may be assumed by SENACE, the pertinent ministries, and the regional governments, as appropriate.
環境部（“MINAM”）負責管理國家環境影響評估制度（“SEIA”），并且主要負責提出和執行環境政策。但是，環境管理報告的批準等環境權力可能由SENACE、相關部委和地方政府（視情況而定）執行。
SENACE has been undertaking the approval of environmental impact assessments as follows:
SENACE負責批準以下環境影響評估：
(i) On December 28, 2015, authority to approve Detailed Environmental Impact Assessments for mining and energy activities (electricity and hydrocarbons) was assumed.
2025年12月28日，取得采礦和能源活動（電力和油氣）的詳細環境影響評估審批權。
(ii) On July 14, 2016, authority to approve Detailed Environmental Impact Assessments for activities in the Transport sector was assumed.
2016年7月14日，取得交通運輸活動的詳細環境影響評估審批權。
(iii) On August 14, 2017, authority to approve the Detailed Environmental Impact Assessments for activities in the Agriculture sector was assumed.
2017年8月14日，取得農業活動的詳細環境影響評估審批權。
(iv) On August 14, 2017, it took over powers to approve the Environmental Impact Studies for activities related to solid waste in the Health sector.
2017年8月14日，取得衛生行業固體廢物相關活動的詳細環境影響評估審批權。
(v) On December 22, 2017, it assumed the authority to evaluate environmental assessments of public and private investment projects of solid waste infrastructure under municipal management (if the service is provided to two or more regions according to their significant impact) and non- municipal or mixed management (in case they are located outside the industrial or productive facilities, concession area or lot, or owned by a solid waste operating company, taking into account their significant impact).
2017年12月22日，取得市政管理（根據重大影響的程度，向兩個或多個地區提供服務）和非市政管理或混合管理（如果該項目位于工業或生產設施、特許經營區域或地段之外，或為固體廢物經營公司所有，則考慮其重大影響）的固體廢物基礎設施的公共和私人投資項目的環境影響評估審批權。
(vi) On August 2, 2021, it assumed the authority to evaluate the Detailed Environmental Impact Studies for activities in the Housing and Construction sector.
2021年8月2日，取得住房和建筑業活動的詳細環境影響評估的審批權。
It is important to mention that, progressively, SENACE will assume the aforementioned skills to assess environmental studies of additional economic sectors. It is expected that by 2023, the transfer of the functions corresponding to the Tourism, Communications, Health and Defense sectors will begin.
值得注意的是， SENACE將逐步承擔上述職能并對其他經濟行業開展環境影響評估工作。預計到2023年，旅游、通信、衛生和國防行業將開始移交相關職能。
There are also other public entities with the authority to grant permits and/or authorizations that may be required by the owner of a project (depending on the nature of the project), such as the Natural Service of Natural Areas Protected by the State - SERNANP, the National Water Authority - ANA, the General Directorate of Environmental Health - DIGESA, and the Ministry of Culture. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that Law No. 30327 created the Global Environmental Certification procedure with the purpose of progressively incorporating into a single administrative procedure (i.e., the approval procedure of the environmental management instrument) the simultaneous approval of different permits, licenses and authorizations by the aforementioned public entities. The Regulation of Title II of Law No. 303227 - which refers to the Global Environmental Certification
- was approved by Supreme Decree No. 005-2016-MINAM, published on July 19, 2016.
其他公共實體也有權發放項目業主可能需要的許可證和/或授權（取決于項目的性質），例如受國家保護自然區域保護局（SERNANP）、國家水務局（ANA）、環境衛生總局（DIGESA）和文化部。在這方面，值得一提的是，第30327號法律設立了全球環境認證程序，目的是將由上述公共實體同時批準不同許可證、執照和授權的做法逐步納入單一行政程序（即環境管理報告的批準程序）。第303227號法律第二部分的規定—全球環境認證—由已經公布的第005-2016- MINAM號最高法令批準，批準日期為2016年7月19日。
On the other hand, the Environmental Assessment and Control Organization(“OEFA”) is the governing entity of the Environmental Assessment and Control National System (“SINEFA”) in charge of supervising, auditing and sanctioning compliance with environmental obligations of titleholders of activities that are under its authority. Pursuant to the Executive Board’s Order No. 027-2017-OEFA- CD, OEFA Sanctioning Administrative Procedure Regulation was approved in order to regulate the sanctioning administrative procedure, as well as the issuance of precautionary and remedial measures, according to its controlling and sanctioning role (applicable to any individual and legal entity, autonomous equity, irregular corporation, business association or other type pursuant to law conducting commercial activities subject to OEFA). Similarly, Directive Council Resolution No.006- 2019-OEFA / CD adopted the New OEFA Supervision Regulations, adding principles of institutional coordination and various obligations of the supervisor.
另一方面，環境評估和管控組織（“OEFA”）是國家環境評估和管控系統（“SINEFA”）的主管實體，負責對其管轄范圍內活動的產權所有者遵守環境義務的情況進行監督、審計和制裁。根據執行委員會第027-2017-OEFA-CD號法令，《OEFA制裁行政程序規定》獲得批準通過，根據其管控和制裁職能（適用于任何個人和法律實體、自治股權公司、非正式公司、商業協會或依法從事商業活動的其他類型受 OEFA管轄）進一步規范制裁的行政程序，以及實施預防和補救措施。與此類似，第006-2019-OEFA/CD號指令采納了新的OEFA監督規定，增加了機構協調原則和監督者的義務。
Likewise, the OEFA has progressively assumed the authority to supervise and sanction, and to date, not all economic sectors are under the jurisdiction of the OEFA, but some ministries and regional governments maintain the authority to supervise, supervise and sanction in environmental matters, as established by current legislation. Specifically, the OEFA has assumed the competences of the mining and energy sectors (hydrocarbons and electricity), medium and large-scale fishery and aquaculture, manufacturing industry and domestic trade, agriculture, solid waste and environmental consulting firms.
同樣，OEFA也逐漸承擔了監督和制裁的權力，目前并非所有的經濟部門都受 OEFA的管轄，一些部委和地方政府保留現行法律所規定的對環境事項進行監督、監管和制裁的權力。具體而言，OEFA承擔的職能包括：采礦和能源部門（碳氫化合物和電力）、中型和大型漁業和水產養殖業、制造業和國內貿易、農業、固體廢物和環境咨詢公司。
It is also important to mention that in recent years the government has issued regulations and draft regulations to strengthen environmental institutions and regulate the environmental aspects of the different sectors. Among the most relevant are the following:
還需要提及的是，近年來政府已經頒布了法規或法規草案，來加強環境機構的權利并規范不同部門的環境責任。其中，最相關的法規如下：
i) Draft Regulations on Environmental Management of the Education Sector, approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 144-2022-MINEDU.
《教育行業環境管理法規草案》，經第144-2022- MINEDU號部長決議批準。
(ii) Draft Regulations on Environmental Management of the Agricultural and Irrigation Sector, approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 0141-2022-MIDAGRI
《農業和灌溉行業環境管理法規草案》，經第0141-2022- MIDAGRI號部長決議批準。
(iii) Draft Regulations on Environmental Management of the Communications Sector, approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 329-2022-MTC/01.03.
《通信行業環境管理法規草案》，經第329-2022- MTC/01.03號部長決議批準。
(iv) Regulations of the National Environmental Information System - SINIA, approved by Supreme Decree No. 034-2021-MINAM.
《國家環境信息系統條例》（SINIA)，經第034-2021- MINAM號最高法令批準。
(v) The draft Regulations for Environmental Management in the Tourism Sector, approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 235-2021-MINCETUR.
《旅游行業環境管理條例草案》，經第235-2021- MINCETUR號部長決議批準。
(vi) The Integral Solid Waste Management Law, approved by Legislative Decree No. 1278, which establishes the general aspects for solid waste management, as amended by Supreme Decree No. 001-2022-MINAM.
《固體廢物綜合管理法》，經第1278號立法法令批準，其中規定了對固體廢物的管理內容，并經第001-2022- MINAM號最高法令修訂。
Similarly, the Special Regime for the Management and Handling of End-of-Life Tires was approved by Supreme Decree No. 024-2021-MINAM, as well as the new Regime for the Management and Handling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, approved by Supreme Decree No. 009-2019-MINAM.
同樣，《報廢輪胎處理和處理特殊制度》（第024-2021- MINAM號法令）獲得批準，《廢棄電子電氣設備處理和處理新制度》（第009-2019- MINAM號法令）獲得批準。
(vii) The Environmental Management Regulations for the Fishing and Aquaculture Subsectors, approved by Supreme Decree N° 012-2019-PRODUCE.
《漁業和水產養殖業環境管理規定》（第012-2019- PRODUCE號法令）獲得批準。
(viii) The Regulation for Environmental Protection in Electrical Activities, approved by Supreme Decree N° 014-2019-EM.
《電氣活動環境保護管理規定》（第014-2019- EM號法令）獲得批準。
(ix) The Environmental Protection Regulation for the transportation sector, approved by Supreme Decree No. 004-2017-MTC.
《交通運輸行業環境保護管理規定》（第004-2017- MTC號令）獲得批準。
(x) The modification of the Regulation for environmental protection in hydrocarbon activities by Supreme Decree No. 023-2018-EM.
《油氣活動環境保護管理規定》（第023-2018- EM號法令）獲得批準。
(xi) The Environmental Protection Regulation for Mining Exploration Activities, approved by Supreme Decree N° 042-2017-EM, amended by Supreme Decree N° 019-2020-EM.
《采礦勘探活動環境保護管理規定》（第042-2017-EM號法令）獲得批準，并根據第019-2020- EM號法令進行修訂。
(xii) The Environmental Management Regulations for the Manufacturing Industry and Domestic Trade, approved by Supreme Decree N° 017-2015-PRODUCE, recently amended by Supreme Decree N° 006-2019-PRODUCE.
《制造業和國內貿易環境管理規定》（第017-2015- PRODUCE號法令）獲得批準，并于近期根據第006-2019- PRODUCE號法令進行修訂。
(xiii) Supreme Decree No.005-2020-EM, which amends the Regulation on Environmental Protection and Management for Mining, Beneficiation, General Work, Transportation and Storage Activities, approved by Supreme Decree No. 040-2014-EM.
《采礦、選礦、一般作業、運輸和儲存活動環境保護和管理規定》（第No.040-2014-EM法令）獲得批準，并根據第005-2020-EM 最高令對《采礦、選礦、一般作業、運輸和儲存活動環境保護和管理規定》進行修訂。
(xiv) Supreme Decree No. 010-2020-MINAM, in order to establish the provisions for the submission of the corrective environmental management instrument for solid waste infrastructure.
《固體廢物基礎設施糾正環境管理文件的提交規定》（第010-2020- MINAM號法令）獲得批準。
On the other hand, it should be mentioned that Peruvian environmental law also promotes and force the investors to implement citizen participation mechanisms, mainly with the interest groups located in the area of influence of their investment projects. For example, the Regulations for Citizen Participation in the environmental management of the Fishery and Aquaculture subsectors have recently been approved by Supreme Decree No. 017-2022-PRODUCE.
另外，值得一提的是，秘魯環境法也推動和強制投資者實施公民參與機制，主要針對投資項目影響范圍內的利益團體。例如，《漁業和水產養殖業環境管理公民參與規定》（第017-2022- PRODUCE號法令）獲得批準。
Likewise, within the framework of ILO Convention No. 169, administrative measures (i.e., administrative acts that allow the initiation of a certain activity) and legislative measures that may affect native or indigenous peoples require prior consultation proceedings that are carried out by the authority responsible for issuing the administrative and/or legislative measure in question.
同樣，在《勞工組織第169號公約》的框架下，可能影響原住民的行政措施（例如允許啟動某項活動的行政行為）和立法措施需要事先進行磋商，并由負責發布該行政或立法措施的機構負責磋商。
Finally, once the project is completed, the owners of the investment project are obliged to carry out remediation and closure activities to restore the areas disturbed by their activities and return the area where the project was executed, as far as possible, to its original state. A novelty in relation to the closure and post-closure stage was incorporated for the mining sector by Law No. 31347, which amended Law No. 28090, Law that regulates the closure of mines, in relation to the regime of guarantees for the closure of mines, as well as in relation to the joint and several liability of directors and majority shareholders with respect to environmental damages resulting from the abandonment of mining units in the closure stage.
最后，項目一旦完成，投資項目的業主有義務采取補救或終止行為，對受活動區域的影響進行恢復，并盡可能使項目實施區域恢復原狀。第31347號法律對采礦部門采取的關閉行為以及關閉后的行為作了新的規定，并對管理礦山關閉的第28090號法律進行了修訂，修訂內容涉及礦山關閉保障制度以及董事和大股東對關閉階段廢棄采礦單位所造成的環境損害承擔連帶賠償責任。
On the other hand, on April 18, 2018, the Framework Law on Climate Change, Law No. 30754, was approved in order to establish the principles, general approaches and provisions regarding public policies for managing climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, in order to reduce the country’s vulnerability to climate change, take advantage of the opportunities of low-carbon growth and comply with the international commitments assumed by the State before the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The afore mentioned Law has been regulated by Supreme Decree No 013-2019-MINAM, establishing - for example - the creation of the National Registry of Mitigation Measures - RENAMI, where all the information referred to the level of progress of emission reductions and increase of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) removals from mitigation measures will be registered, as well as the transfers of GHG emission reduction units. However, to date, this registry is not operational until the corresponding regulations are approved. On August 2, 2022, the draft Supreme Decree approving the “Provisions for the operation of the National Registry of Mitigation Measures (RENAMI)” was published.
另一方面，2018年4月18日批準了《氣候變化框架法》（第30754號法律），以確立關于管理氣候變化適應和緩解措施的公共政策的原則、一般方法和規定，從而降低國家氣候變化的脆弱性，利用低碳增長的機會并遵守國家在《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》之前作出的國際承諾。上述法律由第013-2019- MINAM號最高法令加以規范，例如，建立國家緩解措施登記（“RENAMI”），其中將登記所有與減排進展水平和緩解措施所產生的溫室氣體清除量增加相關的信息，以及溫室氣體減排單位轉讓相關的信息。但是，目前登記制度尚未實施，直到在相應條例獲得批準。2022年8月2日公布了批準《國家緩解措施登記規定》的最高法令草案。
In addition, under Law No. 30754, a High Level Commission on Climate Change was established by supreme decree. In addition, its permanent nature has been specified, which is chaired by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and the Technical Secretariat is the responsibility of the Ministry of the Environment, and that the conformation and development of its functions are defined in the norm of its creation.
此外，根據第30754號法律，通過最高法令設立氣候變化高級別委員會。明確了該委員會的常設性質，并由部長會議主席擔任主席，環節部負責技術秘書處，根據委員會設立的規范來完善其職能和發展。
In this sense, on July 3, 2020, Supreme Decree No. 006-2020-MINAM was adopted, which created the permanent Multisectoral Commission under the Ministry of the Environment called “High Level Commission on Climate Change”. The purpose of this body is to propose measures for adaptation and mitigation to climate change and to the National Determined Contributions (NDC), as well as to issue the technical report on the NDC every five years, the focal point at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in accordance with international commitments ratified by Peru.
2020年7月3日通過第006-2020- MINAM號最高法令，在環境部下設立一個常設的多部門委員會，稱為“氣候變化高級別委員會”。該機構的宗旨是提出適應和緩解氣候變化和國家自主貢獻（NDC）的措施建議，并根據秘魯批準的國際承諾，每五年發布一次關于 NDC的技術報告，NDC是《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）的協調中心。
Finally, it is important to mention that, through Supreme Decree No. 003-2022-MINAM, a climate emergency was declared of national interest in the country, with the aim of urgently executing measures to implement climate action, in accordance with the commitments assumed under the NDCs by 2030.
最后，通過第003-2022- MINAM號最高法令，宣布了事關國家利益的氣候緊急狀態，其目的在于根據2030NDCs所做出的承諾，緊急采取措施、實施氣候行動。
